Pajarito Plateau: A Bibliography

SOUTHWEST REGIONAL OFFICE

DIVISION OF ANTHROPOLOGY

1 29.116: 49

THE PAJARITO PLATEAU:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY

Clemson Universli

3 1604 019 699 604

NOV

FRANCES JOAN MATHIEN

CHARLIE R. STEEN

CRAIG D. ALLEN

Southwest Cultural Resources Center

Professional Papers No. 49

Southwest Culturat Resources Center
Professional Paper No. 49

THE PAJARITO PLATEAU:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY

by

Frances Joan Mathien

Charlie R. Steen

Craig D. Allen

BRANCH OF CULTURAL RESEARCH

Division of Anthropology

U.S. Department of the Interior

National Park Service

1993

THE PAJARITO PLATEAU:
A BffiLIOGRAPHY

Mission

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department
of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally-owned public
lands and natural and cultural resources. This includes fostering wise use
of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife,
preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks
and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through
outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral
resources and works to assure that their development is in the best
interests of all our people. The Department also promotes the goals of
the Take Pride in America campaign by encouraging stewardship and
citizen responsibility for the public lands and promoting citizen
participation in their care. The Department also has a major
responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for
people who live in Island Territories under U.S. Administration.

Dedication

To Charlie R. Steen

Foreword

In 1916 Bandelier National Monument
was established by proclamation of President
Woodrow Wilson to protect and preserve for
public enjoyment and education the large
Anasazi pueblos and spectacular cave dwellings
of the southern Pajarito Plateau. At the time,
the monument and its archeological resources
enjoyed considerable national prominence both
in the public eye and within the profession of
archeology, largely as a result of the pioneering
explorations of Adolph Bandelier and the
subsequent major excavations and dogged
preservation efforts of Edgar L. Hewett. Since
that time, however, Bandelier has ceded much of
its prominence in southwestern prehistory, as
extensive research projects have been conducted
elsewhere. Although sporadic investigations
have occurred over the last 75 years, the extent
to which Bandelier has been forgotten is
exemplified by the fact that in 1985 only 500
archeological sites had been identified in the
monument's 51 square miles of territory.
Knowledge of the majority of these was poor at
best.

This bibliographic volume, painstakingly
compiled by F. Joan Mathien, Charlie R. Steen,
and Craig D. Allen, represents the first of
several National Park Service contributions that
will report the findings of the ongoing Bandelier
Archeological Survey and, it is hoped, reestab-
lish publicly and professionally the monument's
rightful place in the development and florescence
of late Anasazi prehistory. Begun in 1985, the
ten-year Bandelier Survey has as its goals the
recovery of both research and cultural resource
management data, so that the Service may not
only better understand and interpret the monu-

ent's archeology, but better preserve it. As of
this date, a detailed architectural study of cavate
pueblos has been completed and the field por-
tions of sample inventory survey and test exca-
vation programs have been brought to successful
conclusion. The cavate study, directed by H.
Wolcott Toll, and the survey, led by myself,
were performed with National Park Service
funding and staff. The excavation program,
directed by Timothy A. Kohler, Associate
Professor of Anthropology at Washington State
University, was and continues to be supported
by private grants. In an era when federal fiscal
realities no longer allow comprehensive investi-
gations on the order of a Mesa Verde or Chaco
Project, it is only through collaborative efforts
like this one with Washington State University
that the type of thorough and careful research
that has characterized past investigations of
National Park Service areas will be able to
continue.

It is in this collaborative spirit that Joan
Mathien, Archeologist of the Branch of Cultural
Research, Southwest Regional Office; the
indomitable Charlie Steen, Consulting
Archeologist of Los Alamos National
Laboratory; and Craig D. Allen, Ecologist of
Bandelier National Monument, have prepared
what we believe will be a useful and important
guide to the cultural and natural resources of the
Pajarito Plateau.

Robert P. Powers, Director
Bandelier Archeological Survey
August 1992

VII

CONTRIBUTIONS OF
THE BANDELIER ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY

1 MATfflEN, FRANCES JOAN, CHARLIE R. STEEN, and CRAIG D. ALLEN

1993 The Pajarito Plateau: A Bibliography. Southwest Cultural Resources Center Professional

Paper No. 49. Santa Fe.

2 KOHLER, TIMOTHY A. (editor)

1989 Bandelier Archaeological Excavation Project: Research Design and Summer 1988
Sampling. Reports of Investigations No. 61. Department of Anthropology, Washington
State University, Pullman.

3 TOLL, H. WOLCOTT

An Analysis of Variability and Condition of Cavate Structures in Bandelier National
Monument. In preparation.

4 MATHIEN, FRANCES JOAN

1991 Glimpses into the History of the 1908 Fieldwork at Yapashi, Bandelier National
Monument. In Puebloan Past and Present: Papers in Honor of Stewart Peckham, edited
by Meliha S. Duran and David T. Kirkpatrick, pp. 121-132. Papers of the Archeological
Society of New Mexico: 17. Albuquerque.

5 KOHLER, TIMOTHY A. (editor)

1990 Bandelier Archaeological Excavation Project: Summer 1989 Excavations at Burnt Mesa
Pueblo. Reports of Investigations No. 62. Department of Anthropology, Washington
State University, Pullman.

6 KOHLER, TIMOTHY A., and MATTHEW J. ROOT (editors)

1992 Bandelier Archaeological Excavation Project: Summer 1990 Excavations at Burnt Mesa
Pueblo and Casa del Rito. Reports of Investigations No. 64. Department of An-
thropology, Washington State University, Pullman.

7 WHITE, JOSEPH COURTNEY

1992 In the Land of the Delight Makers: An Archaeological Survey in the American West.

University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

IX

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Every project, no matter what its size, is
the combined effort of many people. To
compile a bibliography as large as this one was
not an easy task, and the authors are indebted to
many colleagues for their assistance. Among
them are Claire Harrison, formerly with the
National Park Service; Beverly M. Larson,
Consulting Archeologist, Los Alamos National
Laboratory; William Sweetland, Archeologist,
Bandelier National Monument; Lou Haecker,
Cultural Resource Specialist, Archaeological
Resources Management System, State Historic

Preservation Office; and Laura Holt, Librarian,
Laboratory of Anthropology, Museum of New
Mexico. We would also like to acknowledge
those who reviewed the draft copies and made
constructive comments: Dr. Milford Fletcher,
Dr. Charles H. Lange, Curtis F. Schaafsma, and
the staff of Bandelier National Monument and
the Bandelier Survey Project. As in any
endeavor of this kind, a number of references
probably were missed, for which we accept all
responsibility. We hope that the reader will use
this document as a guide to the literature.

XI

Contents

DEDICATION v

FOREWORD vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi

1. INTRODUCTION by Frances Joan Mathien 1

2. THE SETTING by Craig D. Allen 5

3. ANTHROPOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS by Frances Joan Mathien 9

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Natural Resources 35

Cultural Resources 61

Other References 117

APPENDIX A. CORRELATION OF SITE NAMES AND LA NUMBERS 129

List of Figures

1. The Pajarito Plateau. Major land status boundaries 2

List of Tables

1. Summary of archeological site surveys on the Pajarito Plateau 10

2. Excavated sites on the Pajarito Plateau 14

XIII

Introduction

Frances Joan Mathien

Background

This bibliography is the result of two initially
independent projects. As the consulting
archeologist at Los Alamos National Laboratory
(LANL), Charlie R. Steen collected entries at the
suggestion of the staff of the Environmental
Surveillance Group of the Health, Safety, and
Environmental Division, HSE-8. The primary
purpose was to aid the staff in evaluating cultural
resources on LANL lands. In addition to works
that related to the archeology and history of the
area, Steen included notations of a few books and
articles in other fields such as geology and
natural history. It was hoped that they also
would be of value to other organizations and to
students of past human activities on the Pajarito
Plateau.

At the same time, the National Park
Service (NPS) was planning a major survey of
Bandelier National Monument (BNM). As part
of this plan, the author was asked to prepare a
background document that described research
previously carried out in the area, including an
annotated bibliography. Although the survey
would be limited to the park boundaries, the

larger Pajarito Plateau is a more logical study
area from physiographic, environmental, and
cultural perspectives; hence the focus was on this
larger region. Mathien (1986) also included
some references to natural resources studies,
particularly those initiated by NPS within Bande-
lier National Monument.

Both bibliographies were made available
to Colleen Olinger and Beverly Larson of the
Health and Environmental Services Group at Los
Alamos. They realized that while neither was
complete, each included entries missing from the
other, Larson suggested the two bibliographies
be combined. (At this time, Craig Allen was
studying the landscape of the Jemez Mountains
[Allen 1984c, 1989]. His investigations included
much detailed information on natural resource
studies and were added in 1991 and 1992.)

To limit the scope of their work, Steen
and Mathien had chosen their parameter: the
Pajarito Plateau. Geographically, the Pajarito
Plateau is described as the high tableland that lies
between the Jemez Mountains on the west and the
Rio Grande on the east. From north to south, it
extends from the Chama Valley to La Canada de

2 PAJARITO BIBLIOGRAPHY

Figure 1. The Pajarito Plateau. Major land status boundaries.

INTRODUCTION

Cochiti (Hewett 1906: 14)(Figure 1). Because
human activity rarely stops at such definite
boundaries, major ethnographic studies of Tewa
(San Ildefonso and Santa Clara) and Keres
(Cochiti) linguistic groups are included. (Even
though most of the historic pueblos occupied by
the Tewa and Keres are not located on the
Pajarito Plateau, oral traditions and archeological
data suggest that these groups once occupied sites
on the plateau.) Towa studies are not included
because Steen believed Towa ancestors were not
involved in major cultural developments of the
Pajarito Plateau. In addition, a bibliography of
the Jemez area (home of Towa people) has been
prepared by Michael Elliott (1982) and included
with his nomination of large Pueblo sites near
Jemez Springs to the National Register of
Historic Places that is on file at the Museum of
New Mexico, Laboratory of Anthropology, in
Santa Fe. Both Steen and Mathien included
references to geographically and historically
related material that does not focus on the
Pajarito Plateau but, nonetheless, is important to
understanding the area's archeology and physical
environment, for example, lithic resources
available from Cerro Pedernal or in the Sangre
de Cristo Mountains.

The Bibliography

To assist the reader, two short chapters outline

some of the studies that have been carried out
during the past century. Craig Allen provides a
sketch of the environmental background (soils,
climate, vegetation, fauna) and lists some of the
paleoecological studies that have been conducted.
Mathien briefly describes the cultural studies
from a historical perspective. Throughout her
discussion, she uses familiar names or numbers
for archeological sites; Appendix A lists the site
names and their equivalent LA numbers—the
official site numbers used in ARMS, the automat-
ed database management system used by the State
of New Mexico Historic Preservation Office.

Bibliographic entries have been divided
into three major categories: natural resources,
cultural resources, and other general topics. The
natural resources section encompasses geology,
biology (both flora and fauna), pedology,
mineralogy, and hydrology. Included under
cultural resources are entries pertaining to
archeology, history, ethnology, and ethnohistory .
The last category, other references, includes a
variety of unrelated topics, not necessarily vital
to archeological research and environmental
reconstruction of events on the Pajarito Plateau.
Among these are entries that provide biographi-
cal material on the history, atmosphere, sense of
place, and historical importance of the Pajarito
Plateau.

The Setting

Craig D. Allen

Research during the past two decades has
added considerably to our knowledge of the
natural setting and resources of the Pajarito
Plateau. This chapter reviews the most recent
publications under the following headings:
geology, landforms, and soils; climate;
vegetation; fauna; and paleoenvironment.

Geology, Landforms, and Soils

The Pajarito Plateau is located on the
east flank of the Jemez Mountains, north-central
New Mexico. The Jemez landscape ranges in
elevation from 1,590 m at the Rio Grande to
3,526 m at the summit of Tschicoma Peak, with
a geologic boundary enclosing about 543,522 ha
(Smith et al. 1976). The Jemez Mountains are
the remnants of a large, collapsed volcano that
underwent massive eruptions 1.4 and 1.1 million
years ago. Prominent landforms include two
central calderas, secondary domes within the
calderas, the mountainous renmants of the
precollapse volcanic piles that rim the calderas,
an encircling skirt of canyon-dissected tuff
plateaus (including the Pajarito Plateau), White
Rock Canyon, and the basaltic cones of the
Cerros del Rio (Burton 1982). The central
Toledo and Valles calderas are 12 and 24 km in
diameter, respectively. The caldera rim peaks
are known as the Sierra de los Valles. An

immense amount of geological research has been
conducted in the Jemez Mountains (see Mills et
al. 1989).

The Pajarito Plateau is composed of up
to 300 m of consolidated ash tuff that was
deposited during the big eruptions. Subsequent
erosion has created landforms dominated by
abrupt, deep canyons that separate long, narrow,
upland mesas. The townsite of Los Alamos is
situated on the upper end of the Pajarito Plateau,
at the base of the Sierra de los Valles. The Rio
Grande flows through White Rock Canyon, a
gorge 300 m deep that separates the Pajarito
Plateau from the Cerros del Rio to the southeast.

Common soil parent materials in the
Jemez Mountains range from rhyolites and
andesites, with some dacites and latites, at high
elevations, to tuff and pumice on the plateaus
and basalts near the Rio Grande (Nyhan et al.
1978; U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1992; U.S.D.A.
Soil Conservation Service 1991). Patches of
pumiceous soils are particularly prominent in a
band roughly centered on the Frijoles watershed,
corresponding to the axis of deposition from the
El Cajete eruptions. Soil orders found here
include Entisols, Inceptisols, Alfisols, Mollisols,
and Aridisols (Nyhan et al. 1978). Soil survey
work on the Pajarito Plateau includes Nyhan et
al. (1978), U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service

6 PAJARITO BIBLIOGRAPHY

(1991), U.S.D.A. Forest Service (1992), and
Earth Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1974,
1978).

Climate

Overall the Jemez Mountains experience
a semiarid continental mountain climate (Bowen
1990; U.S. Department of Energy 1979), but
this designation masks a great deal of variability
associated with elevational gradients and
topography. For example, annual precipitation
ranges from 30 cm at the lowest elevations to
about 90 cm at the caldera rim; mean annual
precipitation at Bandelier's weather station
(1,990 m elevation) is 40.7 cm (Bandelier
National Monument, records on file). There is
typically a dry period from late April through
the end of June, terminated by the onset of the
summer "monsoon. " Sixty percent of the annual
precipitation falls between June and September,
with thunderstorms reported for 58 percent of
the days in July and August (U.S. Department of
Energy 1979). These convectional thunder-
showers, frequently accompanied by hail, bring
40 percent of the total annual precipitation in
July and August. Cyclonic storms in winter
bring snow to all elevations. Los Alamos has a
five-month growing season (May 6-October 16),
with perhaps a l(X)-day growing season found at
the highest elevations or in canyon bottoms with
cold air drainage. July is the warmest month at
Los Alamos (mean temperature = +20 o C),
and January the coldest month (mean
temperature = -1.6 o C). Bowen (1990)
provides extraordinary detail on the climate of
the Pajarito Plateau.

Local climate is also temporally
variable, with wide fluctuations in annual
precipitation common. Cyclic El Nino climate
events bring increased spring and summer
precipitation to this area about every four years
(Andrade and Sellers 1988). Dendro-
climatological work documents irregular
occurrences of dry and wet periods extending
back to A.D. 598 in the Jemez Mountains (Dean

and Robinson 1977, 1978). Weather records at
Los Alamos and the Bandelier headquarters
begin in 1911 and 1925, respectively, with data
missing from some early years (Bowen 1990;
Bandelier National Monument, records on file).

Vegetation

The Jemez Mountains are in the
southernmost extension of Bailey's (1980) Rocky
Mountain Forest Province, with vegetation
communities similar to those found throughout
the southern Rocky Mountains. The general
conceptualization of the vegetation pattern in this
area is a zonation of communities based on
elevation and slope exposure. Upward along the
1,900 m elevational gradient from the Rio
Grande to the Jemez peaks, one passes through
juniper grasslands (Juniperus monosperma,
Bouteloua sp.) from about 1,600 to 1,900 m;
pinyon-juniper woodlands (Pinus edulis) at 1,900
to 2,100 m; ponderosa pine forests (Pinus
ponderosa) at 2,100 to 2,300 m; mixed conifer
forests of ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii), white fir (Abies
concolor), aspen (Populus tremuloides), and
limber pine (Pinus flexilis) at 2,300 to 2,900 m;
and finally spruce-fir forests of Engelmann
spruce (Picea engelmanni) and corkbark fir
(Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica) on the north
slopes of the highest peaks above 2,900 m.
High-elevation grasslands (Festuca thurberi,
Danthonia parryi) occur as large breaks in the
mixed conifer forests on upper south-facing
slopes (Allen 1984a), and large moist meadows
occupy the "valles of the caldera" basins. A
similar pattern of vegetation zones is used by
several authors (Allen 1989; Nyhan et al. 1978;
Osborn 1966; U.S. Department of Energy 1979,
1980). Although other authors explicitly
recognize more categories (e.g., Moir and
Ludwig 1979; Potter and Foxx 1981; U.S.D.A.
Forest Service 1987a), their specific vegetation
types are generally consistent with this broad
zonal framework. The current vegetation of the
Jemez Mountains reflects the underlying
diversity of landforms, soils, climate, and site

THE SETTING 7

histories present in this landscape (Allen 1989;
Caprio et al. 1988; Touchan and Swetnam
1991b, 1992).

Several previous vegetation studies merit
mention here. Koehler (1974) and Potter and
Foxx (1981) mapped vegetation types in
Bandelier; Cully (1986) integrated these two
maps. Allen (1989) mapped "ecosystem
patches" (combinations of vegetation and
landforms) in and around Bandelier National
Monument. Barnes (1983) recognized the
existence of three habitat types within the
pinyon-juniper portions of the Pajarito Plateau.
Allen (1984a, 1989), Dick-Peddie et al. (1984),
Foxx (1983a), Foxx and Potter (1978), Gosz and
Mark (1974), Hink and Ohmart (1984),
Oppenheimer (1979), Potter (1981), Potter and
Foxx (1979a, 1979b, 1979c, 1986), Potter and
Tierney (1985), Potter et al. (1982), Tierney
(1977), Tierney and Potter (1985), and Williams
(1984) have conducted quantitative vegetation
studies in limited areas of the eastern Jemez
Mountains. In addition, Bandelier National
Monument archives include much unpublished,
quantitative data on vegetation from a variety of
permanent plots. The flora of portions of the
Jemez Mountains has been treated by Foxx and
Tierney (1985), Jacobs (1989a, 1989b), Jacobs
and Jacobs (1988), Jones (1979), Osborn (1966),
and Robertson (1968).

The vascular plant flora of Bandelier
National Monument includes collections of 720
species in 347 genera representing 86 families
(Jacobs 1989a). Rare and endangered plant
species found locally include the yellow
ladyslipper (Cypripedium calceolus), rattlesnake
fern (Botrychium virginianum), and grama grass
cactus (Pediocactus papyracanthus) (Jacobs and
Jacobs 1988). Jarmie and Rogers (1992) are
conducting a fungal inventory of the Pajarito
Plateau; to date, they have collected 133 species
in 95 genera.

Fauna

The Pajarito Plateau harbors a diversity
of animal species and conmiunities, reflecting

the wide variety of available habitats in this
landscape. Bandelier National Monument has
inventory information for most vertebrate faunal
species. Recent park surveys indicate the
presence of approximately 1,200 arthropod
species (including 10 likely new to science)
(Pippin and Pippin 1984b), 5 amphibians and 14
reptiles (Degenhardt 1975; Fleisher 1978), and
44 terrestrial mammals and 12 bats (Guthrie and
Large 1980). About 115 breeding birds (Travis
1992) and 90 species of ants (Mackay et al.
1988) have been recorded in Los Alamos
County. The endemic Jemez Mountains
salamander (Plethodon neomexicanus) merits
specific mention, as this state-listed endangered
species is currently a Category I federal
notice-of-review species. Other threatened or
endangered species found on the Pajarito Plateau
include the bald eagle (Haliaeetus
leucodephalus), peregrine falcon (Falco
peregrinus), and spotted owl (Strix occidentals).

Noteworthy local faunal ecology
research includes the work of T. Johnson
(1986a, 1986b, 1988, 1990a, 1992) on peregrine
falcons and bald eagles; J. Johnson (1986, 1989)
and T. Johnson and J. Johnson (1990, 1992) on
spotted owls; Kennedy (1985) and Kennedy and
Crowe (1992) on several other raptors;
Arganbright (1988) on bats; Flavill and Whitford
(1979) on the biota of Redondo Creek;
Eberhardt and White (1979), Conley et al.
(1979), White (1981), and Rowland et al. (1983)
on elk (Cervus elaphus) and mule deer
(Odocoileus hemionus); Koehler (1974), Morgart
and Ohmart (1976), and Morgart (1978a, 1978b)
on feral burros; Altenbach (1992) and Ramotnik
(1985, 1986a, 1986b) on Jemez Mountains
salamanders; and recent biological assessments
of Los Alamos National Laboratory lands by
Biggs (1992), Foxx (1992), and Raymer (1992).

Sources of environmental information
available in-house at Bandelier National Monu-
ment are summarized in Allen (1989, 1992).
Increasingly large amounts of environmental
information will be available from Los Alamos
National Laboratory as its "environmental

8 PAJARITO BIBLIOGRAPHY

restoration" program generates compliance
Raymer 1992).

Paleoenvironment

Whilemuchpaleoenvironmental research
has been conducted in the American Southwest,
the Pajarito Plateau area has received relatively
little attention (see Spaulding 1992).

Climatic reconstructions in the South-

west, including sites in and around the Jemez
Mountains, indicate that recurring episodes of
dry and wet conditions characterize the Southwest
over the past 2,000 years (Dean and Robinson
1977; Euler et al. 1979; Petersen 1988; Rose et
al. 1981; Stearns 1981). Historic changes in the
environment of the Pajarito Plateau area are
reviewed by Allen (1989) and Rothman (1992).
Ongoing research by McCord (1991), Reneau
(1991), Spaulding (1992), and Touchan and
Swetnam (1991b, 1992) will shed more light on
paleoenvironments of the Pajarito Plateau area.

Anthropological Investigations

Frances Joan Mathien

The Pajarito Plateau has been visited by
anthropologists for more than a century.
With the acquisition of the Territory of New
Mexico in 1846, investigators from the eastern
United States entered the American Southwest,
taking note of its topography, natural resources,
inhabitants, and cultural differences. This
chapter reviews the major investigations that
have occurred; Tables 1 and 2 provide a summa-
ry of the surveys and excavations.

Early Reconnaissance and Discovery

Between 1880 and 1885 James Stevenson
and J. W. Powell of the Bureau of American
Ethnology (BAE) traveled through New Mexico
and Arizona collecting prehistoric and modem
Pueblo materials housed in the U.S. National
Museum, Smithsonian Institution, in Washing-
ton, D.C. (Powell 1881, 1883). Stevenson
(1883a, 1883b, 1886) published a description of
his visits to areas on the Pajarito Plateau and a
catalog of items collected during his expeditions
to the Southwest.

Begiiming in 1880, Adolph F. Bandelier,
a self-trained ethnographer and historian, made
several visits to the Pajarito Plateau. In 1890 he

was accompanied by Charles F. Lunmiis, a
writer/editor who walked across the country in
1884-85, taking photographs and writing short
stories for newspapers along the way. Both
Bandelier and Lunmiis are key figures who did
much to popularize the Indian ruins they discov-
ered.

Bandelier's scientific work was part of a
program sponsored by the Archaeological Insti-
tute of America (AIA) (Bandelier 1883, 1890,
1892, 1910, 1929). Bandelier conducted infor-
mal reconnaissance surveys, made sketch maps
of sites, and collected some material from the
surface of several of the large pueblos on the
Pajarito Plateau. Among the sites he visited
were Shufinne, Puye, Tsirege, Tsankawi, Pot-
sui'i (Otowi), Tyuonyi, Yapashi, the Stone Lions
shrine, Cueva Pintada, the Stone Lions in the
Potrero de los Idolos, Kuapa, Old Cochiti, and
numerous cave sites, as well as others in the Rio
Grande Valley. Bandelier consulted with the
Native American population and attempted to
trace particular Keresan and Tewa Pueblo tradi-
tions and migration tales to specific archeologi-
cal sites (Bandelier 1892). In addition, he
documented the effects of the Spanish on the
Pueblos (Bandelier 1910, 1929) and wrote a

10 PAJARITO BIBLIOGRAPHY

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26 PAJARITO BIBLIOGRAPHY

popular novel (Bandelier 1890). His detailed
notes have been edited in four volumes by Lange
et al. (1975, 1984), Lange and Riley (1966), and
Lange and Riley with the assistance of Lange
(1970).

Lummis's interest in the Pueblo Indians
blossomed in 1888-89 when he was living in
New Mexico while recuperating from a stroke;
for part of this time, he lived at the Pueblo of
Isleta. In 1890 he met Bandelier and accom-
panied him to the Pajarito Plateau. In 1904
Lummis helped found the Southwest Society
(AIA), and he later served as a member of the
AIA Board and its School of American
Archaeology (later the School of American
Research), which was founded in 1907. As
editor of a popular magazine. Land of Sunshine
(1893; which became Out West after 1902),
Lummis provided an outlet for brief reports
written by travelers or other archeolgists who
came to the Pajarito Plateau with the School of
American Archaeology (Hewett 1909a; Morley
1910c; Wallace 1900). Chapters in Lummis's
popular books (Some Strange Comers of Our
Country, 1915; Land of Poco Tietnpo, 1925;
Mesa, Canyon and Pueblo, 1925) were widely
read by the American public, some of whom
traveled to the Pajarito Plateau or became
affiliated with the AIA field schools after 1907.

Edgar L. Hewett and the School of
American Archaeology (AIA)

Edgar L. Hewett entered the southwest-
ern scene in 1896 when he began his investiga-
tions on the Pajarito Plateau. Hewett, an
educator first at the Normal School (now
University of Northern Colorado) in Greeley,
Colorado, then in 1897 president of the New
Mexico Normal School (now Highlands
University) in Las Vegas, New Mexico, began
the first major archeological program on the
Pajarito Plateau. Initially, he explored the area
to learn about human development from
prehistoric ruins. In addition to archeological

reconnaissance, Hewett conducted limited
excavations in mounds at larger sites (Puye,
Tsankawi) as well as several small sites in the
area near Tsirege, located on the Ramon Vigil
Grant (Hewett 1904a). After these summer
explorations, he contacted other educators
interested in anthropology throughout the
country, bringing to their attention the
importance of this area in prehistory (Hewett
1946). Two of Hewett's colleagues at the New
Mexico Normal School, Kenneth Chapman and
Richard Powell, were part of the summer
expeditions (Hewett 1904:629). Powell con-
ducted a rock art survey in 1899-1901 (Hewett
1938:114-115); his data are incorporated into
Chapman's (1916, 1938) reports.

In 1903 Hewett left the New Mexico
Normal School and went to the University of
Geneva to obtain his Ph.D. in sociology. While
working on his degree, he was hired by the BAE
in 1904 to survey, map, and prepare a report on
the Pajarito Plateau (Hewett 1906). He excavat-
ed mounds at Otowi and conducted some field
work at Tsirege (Mathien 1990). Hewett's 1906
report contains much of the same information on
the Pajarito Plateau as is found in his 1908
dissertation, which includes then-known prehis-
toric sites located in an area extending from
southern Colorado down into the Chihuahua
Basin of Mexico. Although he documented the
different prehistoric groups of the American
desert, he paid particular attention to the Rio
Grande Valley and the Pajarito Plateau. Hewett
examined social organization and commented on
population distribution as derived from material
culture remains.

While at the BAE, Hewett was in
contact with numerous government officials as
well as AIA members. He was interested in the
protection of archeological sites, as well as the
establishment of an archeological park on the
Pajarito Plateau (Hewett 1903, 1916, 1929).
Hewett worked closely with Congressman J.
Lacey on a bill that in 1906 became the
Antiquities Act. His work to secure passage of
this act, as well as the refinement of the rules

ANTHROPOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 27

and regulations that the Departments of War,
Interior, and Agriculture issued, focused on
developing regulations that were closely tied to
AIA goals and philosophy. In 1905 Hewett had
been appointed a fellow of the AIA, in 1906
Director of American Archaeology for AIA, and
in 1907 head of the newly founded School of
American Archaeology for AIA. As Director of
American Archaeology, Hewett worked closely
with AIA-affiliated societies. The School of
American Archaeology was established in Santa
Fe, and Hewett collaborated with Charles F.
Lummis, Secretary of the Southwest Society
(AIA), which financed the first year of major
excavations at Puye in 1907 (Hewett 1908a).

The 1907 work at Puye included partici-
pation by summer students from Columbia and
Harvard universities; Hewett's field-school
approach later proved to be a magnet for
students from many institutions over the years,
and Hewett drew on many of them, plus his col-
leagues, as field assistants. In the years after
1907, excavations were conducted in the Rito de
los Frijoles (particularly at Tyuonyi, but also at
Long House, Talus House, two small ruins east
of Tyuonyi, Big Kiva, Yapashi, Frijolito Ruin,
and San Miguel). Additional work was conduct-
ed in the area around Ojo Caliente and in the
Jemez Valley during the next several decades.
The work is summarized in several publications
by Hewett (1908a, 1909a-g, 1930, 1938a);
Hewett et al. (1913); Hewett and Dutton (1945);
and Hewett and Mauzy (1940), but no detailed
site reports were published.

Among the students who studied and
worked under Hewett on the Pajarito Plateau
were Sylvanus G. Morley and Alfred V. Kidder.
Both worked at Puye. Morley's account of the
excavations at the South House of this site was
published in several places (Morley 1910a,
1910b, 1910c); he also examined the Spanish
archives for information on the use of the Rito
de los Frijoles (Morley 1938). Kidder excavated
at Frijolito Ruin on the mesa south of the Rito
de los Frijoles, but to date, few of his notes
have been found. Kidder did incorporate data

from this and other sites into his Ph.D.
dissertation (Kidder 1914) and into a summary
article on ceramics (Kidder 1915).

Others associated with Hewett's and the
School of American Archaeology's investigations
on the Pajarito Plateau include John P.
Harrington, an ethnologist and linguist.
Harrington and other colleagues examined the
populations of the Rio Grande Valley and
reconstructed geographical, botanical, and
zoological uses of tiie area (Harrington 1916a,
1916b, 1919, 1920, 1947; Henderson and
Harrington 1914; Robbinsetal. 1916). Kenneth
Chapman came to the School of American
Archaeology as a staff member. His artistic
talents were used in a rock art study on the
Pajarito Plateau (Chapman 1916, 1917a, 1917b,
1927b, 1938), as well as in drawings and models
of what these sites may have looked like when
inhabited by the Anasazi.

Hewett introduced many people to the
historic and prehistoric Indians of the
Southwest through his field schools, AIA
summer sessions, and visits to sites in the area.
After 1910 an annual camp was established in
the Rito de los Frijoles, as well as one at Puye.
Meetings of the boards of directors of AIA and
the School were also held in the Rito de los
Frijoles so that the members could see the
results of investigations first hand. By the 1920s
Hewett had been in contact with officials from
the Santa Fe Railroad and soon established a
museum at Puye, with transportation from Santa
Fe and Espanola to the site. Thus, many of the
country's educated and wealthier citizens were
able to observe southwestern archeology in
action.

During this period Lucy L. W. Wilson
and her husband, William Wilson, director of
the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, became
interested in the site of Otowi. Lucy Wilson
was the principal of the Southern High School in
Philadelphia. She spent three summers (1915,
1916, and 1917), assisted in part by Wesley
Bradfield from the School of American

28 PAJARITO BIBLIOGRAPHY

Archaeology, excavating Big Otowi and Little
Otowi and several small sites and cliff dwellings
in the area. Wilson's available reports for this
site contain limited information (Wilson 1916a,
1916b, 1917, 1918a, 1918b); the collections are
at the Museum of New Mexico. The field notes
have never been located, and it is assumed that
they perished in a flood in the Philadelphia
Commercial Museum.

Because of his interest in preservation,
Hewett tried to create a park that would
encompass much of the Pajarito Plateau. He
called it Pajarito Park at one time, the Cliff
Dwellers Park at another (Cameron n.d.; Hewett
1903, 1916; Rothman 1988). Many bills were
introduced to Congress, and debates continued
for years. In the end, Bandelier National
Monument was created in 1916; but it was not
nearly as extensive as Hewett had hoped. Much
of the land on the Pajarito Plateau was left under
the jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture
or as part of the Indian Reservation system
(Puye is on the Santa Clara Indian Reservation).
The Ramon Vigil Grant remained a separate area
for many years; later it was incorporated into the
Los Alamos Scientific Park, on which Los
Alamos National Laboratory is located (Lyon
and Evans 1985; Pettitt 1972; Truslow 1973;
Truslow and Smith 1947).

Additional Surveys and
Chronological Research

While Hewett and the School of
American Archaeology were concentrating
efforts on the central and northern part of the
Pajarito Plateau, Nels C. Nelson of the
American Museum of Natural History began a
reconnaissance survey along the Rio Grande that
extended from Cochiti Canyon to El Paso.
Nelson wanted to develop a better chronology
for archeological sites and employed various
stratigraphic tests to achieve his goal (Nelson
1913, 1915, 1916, 1917). He tested the sites of
Old Cochiti (or Koyiti), Pueblo Canada, and

Kuapa, all on the southern border of the Pajarito
Plateau, as well as the Potrero de los Idolos, a
major shrine. Unfortunately, his data were
never published in detail; his field notes are on
file at the Laboratory of Anthropology of the
Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe (Nelson
n.d. a, n.d.b).

Another large survey was initiated by
Reginald Fisher, a later student and colleague of
Hewett's at the University of New Mexico and
School of American Research. Fisher recorded
known sites on the Pajarito Plateau in a system
developed to encompass the entire state of New
Mexico (Fisher 1931).

By 1922 Dr. Harry P. Mera, a physician
who had a deep interest in the Pueblo Indians
and their ceramics, had begun a survey of
prehistoric sites in the Rio Grande area. He
walked much of New Mexico to map many sites
and make surface collections in order to define
ceramic wares and establish more detailed
chronologies than were available. His work on
the Pajarito Plateau (Mera 1932, 1933, 1934,
1935, 1940) led to a revised ceramic sequence
for the area, as well as a discussion of
population, migration, growth, and settlement.
The collections are maintained by the Museum
of New Mexico at the Laboratory of
Anthropology.

Later researchers continued the
chronological investigations. Adding to the
ceramic analyses of Mera are studies by
Chapman (1970), Frank and Harlow (1974),
Gauthier (1982), Guthe (1925), Harlow (1965a,
1965b, 1967, 1973, 1977), Harlow and Young
(1965), Lang (1982), Museum of New Mexico
(1966), Shepard (1942, 1965), Snow (1973e,
1982b), and Warren (1967, 1968, 1970, 1974b,
1974c, 1977a, 1977c, 1977d, 1979a, 1979b,
1979d, 1981, and n.d.). Although a substantial
amount of information is available, pottery
sequences are fairly well outlined, and some
source areas are defined, there is still room for
improvement of type descriptions and
terminology, especially with regard to

ANTHROPOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 29

ordination of type names and chronological
control . To provide other types of chronological
control, studies of tree-ring dates (Robinson et
al. 1972; Smiley 1952; Smiley et al. 1953;
Stallings 1933, 1937) were initiated and continue
to help refine our knowledge about the
development of the Pueblos through time, but
the number of samples from excavated sites is
small, and more work is needed to establish a
good chronology for this area. Obsidian
hydration dating has been used (Russell 1981a,
1981b) on both the Pajarito Plateau and in the
neighboring Jemez Mountains; Wolfman and
Willmer (1991) review the chronology for the
larger area.

Work on Federal Lands— Bandelier
National Monument and Los
Alamos

Government agencies that are
responsible for large areas on the Pajarito
Plateau developed their own programs as they
needed new data or made changes in land use.
In 1935 James Fulton, a forester, surveyed the
ruins on the Ramon Vigil Grant. He relocated
many ruins already located on available maps,
some of which Bandelier and Hewett had
identified. Fulton created a base map
(NM/BAN 4947) used by others (Worman 1959,
1967), His field notebook (on file in the
archives at Bandelier National Monument)
indicates that he located 287 sites; recorded data
include the length and width of each ruin and the
number of rooms and rock art panels at each
site.

In 1942 Los Alamos National
Laboratory was established on the northern half
of the Pajarito Plateau in order to develop and
test a fission bomb. As the goals and mission of
this facility have changed from a closed military
operation to an open town and institution
devoted to peaceful use of atomic energy (Lyon
and Evans 1985), ever-expanding use of the land
has necessitated survey and excavation of
archeological sites. Roads and buildings were

constructed, and an entire town sprung up on the
high mesas. There is little information on the
work that was done during the early years, but
several archeologists have been consultants for
Los Alamos. The first such person to conduct
research on a long-term basis for this facility
was Frederick C. V. Worman; he was succeeded
by Charlie Steen, David H. Snow, and Beverly
M. Larson.

Before his association with Los Alamos,
Worman began a multiyear archeological project
in 1948 that included both survey and excavation
by field-school participants from Adams State
College in Alamosa, Colorado. The area
covered in this research was on the Ramon Vigil
Grant and in what is now the northern part of
Bandelier National Monument (Rito de los
Frijoles and mesa to the north). In 1948 39 sites
were located (Worman 1949); in 1949 an
additional 45 sites were recorded (Worman
1950). Excavations were carried out at Rainbow
House, RV 128, and RV 45. Unfortunately,
Worman left Adams State College before
completion of the planned five-year program.
The only publication that resulted from this
program was by Cay wood (1966), who reported
on the excavation data from Rainbow House
many years later. Worman continued to work
on the Pajarito Plateau for the Department of
Energy (Los Alamos National Laboratory); he
surveyed and excavated sites in areas that were
being used by that facility (Worman 1953, 1967;
Worman and Steen 1978). Worman (1967:1)
indicates that he revised all of Fulton's 1935 site
numbers and listed them in the Laboratory of
Anthropology (now ARMS) system; the
collections were turned over to the Museum of
New Mexico.

By the 1950s several additional projects
were under way. The Los Alamos
Archaeological Society carried out an excavation
at Fulton's site 190 (LA 8681) from 1953 to
1956. This is an Anasazi pueblo of 21 or more
rooms located in what is now the Pajarito Acres
section of the town of White Rock (Fretwell
1954, 1959). During 1956 and 1957 the society

30 PAJARITO BIBLIOGRAPHY

also excavated an Anasazi cave site near Tsirege
(Tsirege Cave, LA 170). Some data are
available in Maxon (1969) and Young (1954b).
No other reports were published, and the
material is curated at the Museum of New
Mexico.

The National Park Service undertook
partial surveys of the Otowi Section (now
reduced in size and called the Tsankawi Section)
of Bandelier National Monument as a result of
the need for roads and waterlines to the Los
Alamos community. In 1946 Ralph Lassiter,
Carl Alleman, James M. Eden, Dale S, King,
and Walter W. Taylor examined a proposed
waterline through Los Alamos Canyon; eight
sites were recorded. In 1948 Erik K. Reed
checked a road through Sandia Canyon; even
though no free-standing pueblo sites would be
impacted by the road, several talus sites at the
base of the cliff along the north side would be
affected. A survey of the entire Otowi Section
was conducted in 1952 by John F. Turney, a
NPS archeologist. His 1955 draft report
indicates that 55 sites were recorded and given
numbers in the Laboratory of Anthropology
(now ARMS) system. Included in the records
are 43 pueblos, 11 cliff sites, and one sherd
scatter, most of which date to the A.D.
1100-1500S.

Over the years, the National Park
Service has conducted some excavations as part
of a program to preserve cultural resources. In
addition, erosion has led to excavation and
collection in specific areas; reports are on file in
the archives at Bandelier National Monument.
Creutz (1975) summarized the program of ruins
stabilization that was carried out. Listed below
are the sites and references to the work
completed on these stabilization or
salvage/mitigation projects.

Tsankawi

Johnson (1960-burial)

Lister (1940b)

Tyuonyi

Hendron (1938a)

Onstott (1947, 1948b, 1952)

Turney (1950)

Large Kiva east of

Hendron (1937c, g)

Tyuonyi

Onstott (1948c)

Turney (1950)

Long House, Group D

Lister (1939a, 1940a)

Onstott (1948a, 1939c)

Talus House, Group E

Hendron (1937a,d)

Group M

Hendron (1943b)

Turney (1948)

Frijoles caves

Lister (1940c)

Rainbow House

Richert (1968)

Ceremonial Cave

Hendron (1937b, 1938b)

Site

Reference/Comments

Otowi Section

Harkins (1938-burial)

Lister (1939b, 1939d, 1940a)

Maxon (1962)

Potsui'i n

Hendron (1945)

Ethnology and Archeology

Studies in related anthropological fields
also contribute to our understanding of the
prehistoric and historic Pueblo Indians.
Ethnologists began detailed studies in the early
1900s and continue. Many published reports
(Dozier 1958, 1961, 1966; Fox 1960, 1964,
1967; Goldfrank 1927; Lange 1944, 1950a,
1950b, 1952a, 1952b, 1953a, 1953b, 1957,
1958a, 1958b, 1959, 1961, 1980; Ortiz 1969;
Parsons 1929, 1932, 1939; White 1930, 1944;
Whitman 1940, 1947; and Wittfogel and
Goldfrank 1943) add greatly to our
understanding of the various Rio Grande Pueblo
peoples. Archeologists often use these data to
generate testable hypotheses or to provide
models of culture change.

During the 1950s Charles H. Lange, of
the University of New Mexico and later
Southern Illinois University (SIU), began a
long-term anthropological study of the modern
Cochiti and their ancestors. In addition to
ethnological research (see above), he spent many
years conducting archeological survey and
excavation programs on lands that would be
affected, in part, by the construction of Cochiti
Dam on the Rio Grande. In 1957, 1958, and
1959 Lange and his oldest son conducted a
horseback survey on the Canada de Cochiti
Grant (then owned by James Webb Young),

ANTHROPOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 31

Bandelier National Monument, and the southern
part of Los Alamos lands. The goal was to
verify locations of mound sites indicated on
existing maps. These three areas eventually saw
much additional research. Some field notes and
collections from Lange's projects are in the NPS
collections; a brief report on their contents was
prepared by Peter J. McKenna (1986). Other
notes and artifacts are housed at various
institutions under which research was conducted
or that owned land in these areas.

Lange spent only the summer of 1957 on
the Canada de Cochiti, which in 1964 was
turned over to the University of New Mexico
(UNM). In 1969 UNM asked Lange to
complete the survey and conduct some test
excavations at small house ruins. This was done
in 1969 and 1970. He and his students from
SIU recorded 150 new sites for which surface
samples were collected in addition to the sites
previously recorded by Lange; all sites were
given LA numbers. The area encompassed the
west end of the James Webb Young Ranch,
including the east potrero of West Mesa. The
northeastern corner of the Caiiada was not
surveyed because of its inaccessibility; and on
the far west, the survey was limited to the Rio
Chiquito and the terraces immediately north and
south of it (Frisbie et al. 1970). A second field
season completed the survey and began test
excavations in small house ruins; these data from
small pueblos form part of the discussion in a
dissertation by Bruce Moore (1979).

Additional work by UNM on the Canada
de Cochiti includes a 1973 survey designed to
assess the intensity and accuracy of previous
work (Flynn and Judge 1973); an additional 111
sites were recorded. In 1990 Wirt H. Wills
conducted a UNM archeological field school on
this land; his purpose was to teach mapping
techniques.

The Cochiti Dam

The decision to control the Rio Grande

by placing a dam across the river near Cochiti
Pueblo led to archeological surveys and
mitigation of sites below the floodwater line
beginning in the 1960s. Construction of Cochiti
Dam necessitated use of land belonging to the
Pueblo of Cochiti, the University of New
Mexico, the National Park Service, the Atomic
Energy Commission, and the U.S.D.A. Forest
Service, as well as private landowners. Funds
from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were
administered by the National Park Service
through grants to the Museum of New Mexico
and other contractors between 1962 and 1967.
A major contract for the area south of Bandelier
National Monument was awarded to Lange and
SIU through the Museum of New Mexico
(Lange 1968a, 1968b). Work on this project
included survey on both banks of the Rio
Grande by Alfred E. Dittert, Jr., Charlie R.
Steen, and Albert H. Schroeder in 1962. Stan
Bussey, Stewart Peckham, and Charles H. Lange
continued this work from 1963 through 1964.
A total of 28 sites, ranging from a knapping area
to a large pueblo with 100 rooms, were located.
Peckham and Wells (1967) provide additional
site information. Excavations at some sites and
additional survey were carried out by David
Snow (1971, 1972a, 1973a, 1973c, 1976, 1979).
Excavations are reported by Snow (1971) for the
1964-66 seasons, and Snow (1973a, 1973b,
1973c, 1976, 1979) for other years. An
ancillary study of petroglyphs was conducted for
the Museum of New Mexico by Polly Schaafsma
in 1966 (Schaafsma 1967, 1971, 1972). Her
1972 overview of Rio Grande rock art indicates
differences among elements between the areas
north and south of Frijoles Canyon, a difference
also noted by Steen (1977:20-24, 1979).

It was realized, however, that these
endeavors were insufficient, so a proposal for
more intensive survey and mitigation was
requested in 1973 from the Office of Contract
Archeology of the University of New Mexico to
correct the deficiencies (Biella and Chapman
1975). A contract for intensive anthropological
and archeological research began in late 1974.
It included the areas encompassed by both the

32 PAJARITO BIBLIOGRAPHY

permanent and maximum flood pools; research
included assessment of the existing cultural
resources, intensive survey, and mitigation.
Approximately 9,070 acres of land were
examined under the direction of Jan V. Biella
and Richard C. Chapman (Broilo and Biella
1977:3). Sites recorded within the inundation
pool included 121 nonstructural proveniences at
91 locations, 228 Anasazi proveniences at 187
locations, and 128 historic proveniences at 85
locations. The survey and excavations are
reported in four volumes (Biella 1979a; Biella
and Chapman 1977a, 1977b; Chapman and
Biella 1977) that include discussions of the
environment, detailed analyses of settlement
pattern, artifacts, and architectural features, as
well as the development of social complexity in
the Rio Grande Valley.

In addition. National Park Service
archeologists were assigned survey and
assessment tasks. To the north in Bandelier
National Monument, early work by Natt Dodge
and Zorro Bradley in 1959, Edmund Ladd in
1968, and Bradley in 1969; reconnaissance by
Ron Ice, Don Fiero, and Dan Lenihan in 1973;
and survey by Bruce Anderson, Don Fiero, and
George West in 1974 have been incorporated
into a major report by Lyndi Hubbell and Diane
Traylor (1982), who surveyed 361 acres that
would be impacted by water held back by
Cochiti Dam. All sites within the area were
well recorded, several were excavated, and an
analysis of the cultural remains is presented.
Hubbell and Traylor add new information,
particularly about the Archaic use of the area,
two rock shelters, and a number of small
masonry pueblos.

Bandelier and Los Alamos
in the 1970s and 1980s

Other work in Bandelier National
Monument included excavation at Saltbush
Pueblo in Frijoles Canyon, which was carried
out by David Snow, of the Museum of New
Mexico, in 1971 (Snow 1974). This pueblo

consisted of two units with 11 rooms and a
keyhole kiva. Because the original ventilator
was oriented toward the south (later remodeled),
it suggested to Snow a possible affiliation of its
inhabitants to those in the Mesa Verde area. His
dating of the site is ca. A.D. 1175-1250; thus, it
falls within the right time period for such a tie if
one assumes that Galisteo Black-on-white was
present in the site by A.D. 1250 (see Bretemitz
1966 for the accepted range of dates for this
pottery type).

In 1972 Charlie R. Steen succeeded
Frederick Worman as the archeological
consultant at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
He continued archeological surveys (for a total
402 sites identified), excavations, and report
writing (Steen 1974, 1977, 1979, 1980a, 1980b,
1982). The majority of the sites recorded and
analyzed were occupied between the thirteenth
and sixteenth centuries, and include pueblos,
kivas, cavate rooms, rock art, rock alignments,
water collection devices, agricultural sites,
shrines, and game pits. Steen's analysis of
settlement on the northern half of the Pajarito
Plateau is informative and presents a number of
ideas to be pursued as further research continues
in this area.

A fire on lands located on Bandelier
National Monument and Los Alamos National
Laboratory occurred in 1977. As a result, many
studies of both natural and cultural resources
were initiated (Foxx 1984). A 100 percent
archeological inventory of areas affected by fire-
suppression teams was made; 99 sites were
recorded, and 4 were excavated (Traylor et al.
1990).

During the 1980s, the National Park
Service initiated a study of historic Civilian
Conservation Corps (CCC) buildings within
Bandelier National Monument. A report of the
results is available (Harrison et al. 1988).

David H. Snow, Beverly M. Larson,
and other archeologists continue to survey and
excavate sites as part of cultural resource

ANTHROPOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 33

management at Los Alamos National
Laboratory. Numerous reports have been
prepared (Larson 1986, 1987a-c, 1988a-b, 1991;
Larson and McGehee 1989; McGehee 1988,
1989, 1992a-b; McGehee et al. 1992; McGehee
and Larson 1988, 1989a-b; McGehee and Munz
1991; McGehee and Schillaci 1992; Snow
1982a) and a major resurvey of some areas is
underway. LA 4618 and LA 70029 have been
excavated, but only one report has been
published (Biella 1992). Others are in
preparation (Larson, personal communication
1992).

Recent Research Projects

During the 1970s James N. Hill, of the
University of California at Los Angeles, was
interested in behavioral responses to stress. His
goal was to examine a general model of human
responses to long-term subsistence stress based
on climatic shifts. The Pajarito Plateau was
chosen as a case study to determine whether or
not there are ordered, predictable regularities in
one area; if so, then other study areas could be
examined to determine whether or not this
pattern held cross-culturally. Hill and his
students designed a stratified random sample
survey that covered selected areas of the Pajarito
Plateau bounded by Santa Clara Canyon on the
north, Bland Canyon on the south, the divide
between the Pajarito Plateau and the Valle
Grande on the west, and an 8-km distance east
of the Rio Grande (Hill 1976; Hill and Orcutt
1979; Hill and Trierweiler 1986). Lands
included those under the jurisdiction of several
government agencies and private individuals
(Hill 1977). A 1977 pilot study was followed
by three years of research. Sites were defined
as five or more artifacts within the area
examined, and a total of 889 sites were recorded
using LA numbers (Hill 1979b). Although final
research reports are still in preparation, several
preliminary reports were completed for work
done on Forest Service land (de Barros and Hill
1980; Orcutt and Hill 1981; Treierweiler et al.
1979; Walsh et al. 1979; Walsh et al. 1978).

Several theses and dissertations (Davis 1981;
Garza 1978; Hagstrum 1983; Hyland 1986;
Orcutt 1981; Preucel 1988; Trierweiler 1978,
1987) are available, as well as student papers
and presentations (Hagstrum 1985; Preucel
1981, 1987b).

Expanding on this initial study, Robert
W. Preucel developed the Pajarito Field House
Project, an intensive survey of a limited area
that examined spatial relationships between
pueblos and field houses. The Pine Springs area
of the Santa Fe National Forest, north of Los
Alamos, was surveyed; 55 additional sites were
recorded (Preucel 1985a, 1985b, 1986a-c,
1987a, 1990).

Building on earlier work by Hill, the
National Park Service initiated the Bandelier
Survey Project under the direction of Robert P.
Powers in 1985 (Powers 1988). As in Hill's
work, the research goal was to test the hypothesis
that Anasazi settlement, aggregation, and
organizational complexity are cultural responses
designed to buffer resource unpredictability or
depletion. This model differs from Hill's in that
it focuses on population expansion and the
reduction of the subsistence base as the initial
causes of a long-term process of village formation
and aggregation into larger sites. In addition to
increased reliance on agriculture as a response to
food stress, population aggregation may have
brought about exchange, partial task
responsibility, craft specialization, and even
raiding.

In addition, data were gathered by the
survey crews to provide management and
researchers with an accurate database that can be
usedforplaiming, interpretation, and preservation
of cultural resources in Bandelier National
Monument, as well as to answer other, more
refined questions about culturehistory and broader
theoretical problems. A stratified random sample
of 40 percent of the total park area was surveyed.
Because the database provides the most
information on the period between A.D. 1150-

34 PAJARITO BIBLIOGRAPHY

1550 and 1600, that 400-year period provides the
framework for most of the questions to be
addressed. Also, some of these questions cannot
be answered using surface survey data alone;
therefore, some excavation was undertaken in
cooperation with Washington State University
(Kohleretal. 1989). Preliminary results of both
survey (Head 1992; Orcutt 1990a, 1991a; Orcutt
and Powers 1989; Powers and Orcutt 1988; Toll
1986; Toll et al. 1988) and excavations (Kohler
1989, 1990; Kohler and Root 1992) are available.
Final results await completion of ongoing detailed
analyses.

Recent analysis of available prehistoric
burial material, using a new technique to
determine hereditary developmental defects in the
axial skeleton, provides information on the
relatedness of inhabitants of several large pueblos
(Barnes 1991). As additional studies are carried
out, it is anticipated that relationships among
modern and prehistoric groups will be better
defined.

Rock art in the Rito de los Frijoles has
been examined by Arthur Rohn (1989) and near
Tsirege by Loy C. Neff (1990). According to
these analysts, some petroglyphs seem to be
localized while others are found throughout a
larger area, possibly reflecting use by different
groups. Similar results have been obtained by
Lance K. Trask (1991, 1992) in die Jemez
Mountains, but his interpretations of the panels
suggest that some symbols were intended for
viewing by the general population while others
are in secluded areas and meant for limited
audiences.

Most of the sites recorded during all the
aforementioned surveys and excavationshavebeen
entered into the ARMS files of the State Historic
Preservation Office in Santa Fe. Also on file are
site survey data resulting from contract arche-
ology projects, such as examination of
transmission lines. In addition, the U.S.D.A.
Forest Service has conducted archeological survey
as part of clearance procedures whenever road
maintenance work or timber removal is scheduled.
The Forest Service office in Santa Fe maintains
maps indicating survey locations and sites as well
as the clearance reports pertinent to them. Some
of these reports (only those that include
archeological sites) have been entered into the
cultural resources section of the bibliography even
though they may not be totally within the area of
the Pajarito Plateau outlined earlier in this volume.

Summary

A considerable amount of archeological
investigation has taken place on the Pajarito Plateau
during the past century. Several overviews and
discussions of the problems of where the people
came from, why they were there, and how they
adjusted to the environment have been presented
(Chapman and Biella 1979, 1980; Collins 1975;
Cordell 1978, 1979a, 1989; Ellis 1967b; Ford et
al. 1972; Reed 1949, 1950, 1951a, 1954; Steen
1977, 1980a; Stuart and Gauthier 1981; Wendorf
1954; Wendorf and Reed 1955). Ongoing research,
especially the projects undertaken by Hill and
Powers, will continue to refine these interpretations.

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APPENDIX A.

Correlation of Site Names and LA Numbers

Common Name

Big Kiva east of Tyuonyi
Ceremonial Cave
Cueva Pintada (Painted Cave)
Frijoles Cave (see Long House, Talus

House, etc.)
Frijolito Ruin
Fulton's Site 190
Group D - Long House
Group E - Talus House
Group M

Koyiti (Old Cochiti)
Kuapa

Lions in the Potrero de los Idolas
Little Otowi
Long House (Group D)
Old Cochiti (Koyiti)
Otowi (see also Potsui'i)
Painted Cave
Potsui'i (see also Otowi)
Potsui'i II
Pueblo Canada
Puye

Rainbow House
R.V, 45
R.V. 128
San Miguel
Shufinne

Stone Lions Shrine
Talus House (Group E)
Tsankawi

Tsirege (and Tsirege Cave)
Tyuonyi
Yapashi

Turney's survey

LA 77722

LA 13663

LA 13662

LA 78

LA 8681

LA 13665

LA 13664A

LA 13664D

LA 295

LA 3444

LA 50977

LA 32, 2774

LA 13665

LA 295

LA 169

LA 13662

LA 169

none

LA 35

LA 47

LA 217

LA 3842

LA 207

LA 370

LA 795

LA 250

LA 13664A

LA 211

LA 170

LA 82

LA 250

LA 2760-2999

129

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